Globally incidences of cancer-associated morbidity and mortality are still increasing. Despite tremendous innovations in the development of many chemically developed anti-cancer drugs the unsatisfactory prognosis of the disease still remains a major challenge. The most widespread negative aspects of conventional cancer treatments are the formation of drug resistance eventually leading to the termination of chemotherapy. Moreover, most patients in developing countries are unable to afford the high cost of sophisticated target-specific therapies like stem cells and immunotherapy. Therefore, to supplement the present cancer therapy treatments, new and less costly therapeutic strategies need to be developed. The use of natural products in cancer management has gained significant attention due to their diverse mechanisms of action and potential therapeutic benefits. Phytochemicals are bioactive compounds produced naturally by plants and have great potential in human health and disease. Natural Products have antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative properties. Phytochemicals are highly beneficial in managing a variety of diseases, including cancer, immunological disorders, and cardiovascular disease. They reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS), stop cancer from spreading, alter the immune system, and cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis or autophagy. Investigating natural products is an effective way to find compounds that are biologically active and have unique structures and modes of action. Natural products represent a rich source for the discovery and development of cancer preventive and anticancer drugs. This comprehensive review explores the role of natural products in various aspects of cancer management and the development of anticancer drugs.
natural products, phytochemicals, cancer, therapeutic potential, mode of action
Aggarwal, B. B., Shishodia, S., Takada, Y., et al. (2005). Curcumin suppresses the Paclitaxel-Induced nuclear Factor-ΚB pathway in breast cancer cells and inhibits lung metastasis of human breast cancer in nude mice. Clinical Cancer Research, 11(20), 7490–7498. https://doi.org/10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-05-1192
Aggarwal, B. B., Sundaram, C., Malani, N., et al. (2007). CURCUMIN: THE INDIAN SOLID GOLD. In Springer eBooks (pp. 1–75). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_1
Ahmad, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2019). Juglone in oxidative stress and cell signaling. Antioxidants, 8(4), 91.
Aktepe, O. H., Şahi̇N, T. K., Güner, G., et al. (2021). Lycopene sensitizes the cervical cancer cells to cisplatin via targeting nuclear factor- kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. Turkish journal of medical sciences, 51(1), 368–374. https://doi.org/10.3906/sag-2005-413
Amos, L., & Löwe, J. (1999). How Taxol® stabilises microtubule structure. Chemistry & Biology, 6(3), R65–R69. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1074-5521(99)89002-4
Antoni, S., Ferlay, J., Soerjomataram, I., et al. (2017). Bladder Cancer Incidence and Mortality: A Global Overview and Recent Trends. European Urology, 71(1), 96–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2016.06.010
Arnold, M., Morgan, E., Rumgay, H., et al. (2022). Current and future burden of breast cancer: Global statistics for 2020 and 2040. The Breast, 66, 15–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.breast.2022.08.010
Arya, R. K., Singh, A., Yadav, N. K., et al. (2015). Anti-breast tumor activity of Eclipta extract in-vitro and in-vivo: Novel evidence of endoplasmic reticulum specific localization of Hsp60 during apoptosis. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 18457. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18457
Athar, M., Back, J. H., Tang, X., et al. (2007). Resveratrol: A review of preclinical studies for human cancer prevention. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 224(3), 274–283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2006.12.025
Bai, Y., Yang, H., Zhang, G., et al. (2016). Inhibitory effects of resveratrol on the adhesion, migration and invasion of human bladder cancer cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 15(2), 885–889. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2016.6051
Balachandran, P., & Govindarajan, R. (2005). Cancer—An ayurvedic perspective. Pharmacological Research, 51(1), 19–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2004.04.010
Bishayee, A., & Dhir, N. (2009). Resveratrol-mediated chemoprevention of diethylnitrosamine-initiated hepatocarcinogenesis: Inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. Chemico-biological Interactions, 179(2–3), 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2008.11.015
Bishayee, A., & Mandal, A. (2014). Trianthema portulacastrum Linn. Exerts chemoprevention of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 768, 107–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2014.01.002
Bonate, P. L., Strougo, A., Desai, A., et al. (2012). Guidelines for the Quality Control of Population Pharmacokinetic–Pharmacodynamic Analyses: an Industry Perspective. ˜the œAAPS Journal, 14(4), 749–758. https://doi.org/10.1208/s12248-012-9387-9
Brockmueller, A., Sameri, S., Líšková, A., et al. (2021). Resveratrol’s Anti-Cancer Effects through the Modulation of Tumor Glucose Metabolism. Cancers, 13(2), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13020188
Buhrmann, C., Shayan, P., Goel, A., et al. (2017). Resveratrol Regulates Colorectal Cancer Cell Invasion by Modulation of Focal Adhesion Molecules. Nutrients, 9(10), 1073. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9101073
Campbell, B., Molyneux, R. J., & Schatzki, T. F. (2003). Current research on reducing pre‐ and post‐harvest aflatoxin contamination of U.S. almond, pistachio, and walnut. Journal of Toxicology. Toxin Reviews, 22(2–3), 225–266. https://doi.org/10.1081/txr-120024093
Cao, H., Sethumadhavan, K., Cao, F., et al. (2021). Gossypol decreased cell viability and down-regulated the expression of a number of genes in human colon cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 5922. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-84970-8
Champiat, S., Lambotte, O., Barreau, E., et al. (2016). Management of immune checkpoint blockade dysimmune toxicities: A collaborative position paper. Annals of Oncology, 27(4), 559–574. https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdv623
Chapa-Oliver, A. M., & Mejía-Teniente, L. (2016). Capsaicin: From Plants to a Cancer-Suppressing Agent.
Chen, B.-H., & Tsai, Y. J. (2016). Preparation of catechin extracts and nanoemulsions from green tea leaf waste and their inhibition effect on prostate cancer cell PC-3. International Journal of Nanomedicine, 1907. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S103759
Chen, Z., Chen, H., Lang, Q., et al. (2012). Preventive effects of Jiedu Granules combined with Cinobufacini Injection versus transcatheter arterial chemoembolization in post-surgical patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control trial. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 18(5), 339–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-012-1083-1
Cheng, J., Miller, B., Balbuena, E., et al. (2020). Lycopene Protects against Smoking-Induced Lung Cancer by Inducing Base Excision Repair. Antioxidants, 9(7), 643. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9070643
Cheng, Z., Li, M., Dey, R., et al. (2021). Nanomaterials for cancer therapy: Current progress and perspectives. Journal of Hematology & Oncology, 14(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-021-01096-0
Choi, B. Y. (2019b). Biochemical basis of Anti-Cancer-Effects of Phloretin—A natural dihydrochalcone. Molecules/Molecules Online/Molecules Annual, 24(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020278
Chou, C., Yang, J. S., Lu, H. F., et al. (2010). Quercetin-mediated cell cycle arrest and apoptosis involving activation of a caspase cascade through the mitochondrial pathway in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33(8), 1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12272-010-0808-y
Cui, A., Li, X., Ma, X., et al. (2021). Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis Reveals Corosolic Acid Inhibiting Bladder Cancer via Targeting Cell Cycle and Inducing Mitophagy in Vitro and in Vivo. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-705930/v1
Czarnik-Kwaśniak, J., Kwaśniak, K., Kwasek, P., et al. (2019). The Influence of Lycopene, [6]-Gingerol, and Silymarin on the Apoptosis on U-118MG Glioblastoma Cells In Vitro Model. Nutrients, 12(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12010096
De Almeida, G. C., Oliveira, L. F. S., Predes, D., et al. (2020). Piperine suppresses the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and has anti-cancer effects on colorectal cancer cells. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 11681. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68574-2
Dhyani, P., Quispe, C., Sharma, E., et al. (2022). Anticancer potential of alkaloids: A key emphasis to colchicine, vinblastine, vincristine, vindesine, vinorelbine and vincamine. Cancer Cell International, 22(1), 206. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-022-02624-9
Dick, J. E. (2008). Stem cell concepts renew cancer research. Blood, 112(13), 4793–4807. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-08-077941
Donà, M., Dell’Aica, I., Pezzato, E., et al. (2004). Hyperforin inhibits cancer invasion and metastasis. Cancer Research, 64(17), 6225–6232. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-04-0280
Dumontet, C. (2000). Mechanisms of action and resistance to tubulin-binding agents. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 9(4), 779–788. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543784.9.4.779
Dumontet, C., & Jordan, M. A. (2010). Microtubule-binding agents: a dynamic field of cancer therapeutics. Nature Reviews. Drug Discover/Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 9(10), 790–803. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd3253
Fang, F., Chen, S., Ma, J., et al. (2018). Juglone suppresses epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells via the protein kinase B/glycogen synthase kinase‑3β/Snail signaling pathway. Oncology Letters. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.8885
Fulda, S., & Debatin, K. (2004). Sensitization for anticancer drug-induced apoptosis by the chemopreventive agent resveratrol. Oncogene, 23(40), 6702–6711. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1207630
Geryani, M. A., Mahdian, D., Mousavi, S. H., et al. (2016). Ctotoxic and apoptogenic effects of Perovskia abrotanoides flower extract on MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines. 6(4).
Guan, X., & Guan, Y. (n.d.). Artemisinin induces selective and potent anticancer effects.
Guon, T. E., & Chung, H. S. (2016). Hyperoside and rutin of Nelumbo nucifera induce mitochondrial apoptosis through a caspase-dependent mechanism in HT-29 human colon cancer cells. Oncology Letters, 11(4), 2463–2470. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2016.4247
Haasler, L., Kondadi, A. K., Tsigaras, T., et al. (2021). The BH3 mimetic (±) gossypol induces ROS-independent apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in human A375 melanoma cells in vitro. Archives of Toxicology, 95(4), 1349–1365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-021-02987-4
Habli, Z., Toumieh, G., Fatfat, M., et al. (2017). Emerging Cytotoxic Alkaloids in the Battle against Cancer: Overview of Molecular Mechanisms. Molecules, 22(2), 250. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules22020250
Hainsworth, J. D., & Greco, F. A. (1995). Etoposide: Twenty years later. Annals of Oncology, 6(4), 325–339. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.annonc.a059180
Harinantenaina, L., Brodie, P. J., Slebodnick, C., et al. (2010). Antiproliferative compounds from Pongamiopsis pervilleana from the Madagascar Dry Forest. Journal of natural products, 73(9), 1559–1562. https://doi.org/10.1021/np100430r
Hong, Y., Lee, J., Moon, H., et al. (2021). Quercetin Induces Anticancer Activity by Upregulating Pro-NAG-1/GDF15 in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer Cells. Cancers, 13(12), 3022. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13123022
Hossain, R., Quispe, C., Saikat, A. S. M., et al. (2022). Biosynthesis of Secondary Metabolites Based on the Regulation of MicroRNAs. BioMed Research International, 2022, 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9349897
Hsu, Y. (2004). Involvement of p53, nuclear factor $kappa;B and Fas/Fas ligand in induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest by saikosaponin d in human hepatoma cell lines. Cancer Letters. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(04)00274-5
Hussein, N. A. E. M., El-Toukhy, M. A. E.-F., Kazem, A. H., et al. (2014). Protective and therapeutic effects of cannabis plant extract on liver cancer induced by dimethylnitrosamine in mice. Alexandria Journal of Medicine, 50(3), 241–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajme.2014.02.003
Ilic, I., & Ilic, M. (2023). International patterns and trends in the brain cancer incidence and mortality: An observational study based on the global burden of disease. Heliyon, 9(7), e18222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18222
Jemal, A., Siegel, R. L., Ward, E., et al. (2009). Cancer Statistics, 2009. Ca, 59(4), 225–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20006
Jia, W., Zhou, L., Li, L., et al. (2023). Nano-Based Drug Delivery of Polyphenolic Compounds for Cancer Treatment: Progress, Opportunities, and Challenges. Pharmaceuticals, 16(1), 101. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16010101
Jiang, X., Li, Y., Feng, J., et al. (2020). Safrana l Prevents Prostate Cancer Recurrence by Blocking the Re-activation of Quiescent Cancer Cells via Downregulation of S-Phase Kinase-Associated Protein 2. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 8, 598620. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2020.598620
Jiao, Y., Li, H., Liu, Y., et al. (2015). Resveratrol inhibits the invasion of Glioblastoma-Initiating cells via Down-Regulation of the PI3K/AKT/NF-ΚB signaling pathway. Nutrients, 7(6), 4383–4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7064383
Jiao, Y., Wilkinson, J., Di, X., et al. (2009). Curcumin, a cancer chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic agent, is a biologically active iron chelator. Blood, 113(2), 462–469. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-05-155952
Jordan, M. A., & Wilson, L. (1998). Microtubules and actin filaments: dynamic targets for cancer chemotherapy. Current Opinion in Cell Biology, 10(1), 123–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0955-0674(98)80095-1
Jordan, M. A., & Wilson, L. (2004). Microtubules as a target for anticancer drugs. Nature Reviews. Cancer, 4(4), 253–265. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1317
Kandelous, H. M., Salimi, M., Khori, V., et al. (2016). Mitochondrial Apoptosis Induced by Chamaemelum Nobile Extract in Breast Cancer Cells.
Kang, H. R., Moon, J. Y., Ediriweera, M. K., et al. (2020). Dietary flavonoid myricetin inhibits invasion and migration of radioresistant lung cancer cells (A549‐IR) by suppressing MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 expressions through inhibition of the FAK‐ERK signaling pathway. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(4), 2059–2067. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1495
Kang, K., Wu, Y., Han, C., et al. (2023). Homologous recombination deficiency in triple-negative breast cancer: Multi-scale transcriptomics reveals distinct tumor microenvironments and limitations in predicting immunotherapy response. Computers in Biology and Medicine, 158, 106836. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.106836
Kim, J., Yoo, J.-M., Kim, J. S., et al. (2020). Anticancer Effect of Mountain Ginseng on Human Breast Cancer: Comparison with Farm-Cultivated Ginseng. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2020, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2584783
Kim, J., Yoo, J.-M., Park, J.-S., et al. (2021). Anti‑angiogenic effect of mountain ginseng in vitro and in vivo: Comparison with farm‑cultivated ginseng. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24(2), 615. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12254
Kim, Y., Choi, B. T., Lee, Y. T., et al. (2004). Resveratrol inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis of human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cells. Oncology Reports. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.11.2.441
Kocaadam, B., & Şanlier, N. (2017). Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), and its effects on health. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(13), 2889–2895. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2015.1077195
Koklesova, L., Liskova, A., Samec, M., et al. (2020). Genoprotective activities of plant natural substances in cancer and chemopreventive strategies in the context of 3P medicine. EPMA Journal, 11(2), 261–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13167-020-00210-5
Kongtawelert, P., Wudtiwai, B., Shwe, T. H., et al. (2020). Inhibitory Effect of Hesperidin on the Expression of Programmed Death Ligand (PD-L1) in Breast Cancer.
Kozuki, Y., Miura, Y., & Yagasaki, K. (2001). Resveratrol suppresses hepatoma cell invasion independently of its anti-proliferative action. Cancer Letters, 167(2), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00476-1
Kunnumakkara, A. B., Guha, S., Krishnan, S., et al. (2007). Curcumin Potentiates Antitumor Activity of Gemcitabine in an Orthotopic Model of Pancreatic Cancer through Suppression of Proliferation, Angiogenesis, and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor-κB–Regulated Gene Products. Cancer Research, 67(8), 3853–3861. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-4257
Kuttikrishnan, S., Siveen, K. S., Prabhu, K. S., et al. (2019). Curcumin Induces Apoptotic Cell Death via Inhibition of PI3-Kinase/AKT Pathway in B-Precursor Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Frontiers in Oncology, 9, 484. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2019.00484
Lee, K., Lee, Y., Ban, J. O., et al. (2012). The flavonoid resveratrol suppresses growth of human malignant pleural mesothelioma cells through direct inhibition of specificity protein 1. International Journal of Molecular Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2012.978
Li, J., Guo, Q., Lei, X., et al. (2020). Pristimerin induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation, migration in H1299 Lung Cancer Cells. Journal of Cancer, 11(21), 6348–6355. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.44431
Li, J., Xiong, C., Xu, P., et al. (2021). Puerarin induces apoptosis in prostate cancer cells via inactivation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. Bioengineered, 12(1), 402–413. https://doi.org/10.1080/21655979.2020.1868733
Li, M., Jin, S., Cao, Y., et al. (2021). Emodin regulates cell cycle of non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) cells through hyaluronan synthase 2 (HA2)-HA-CD44/receptor for hyaluronic acid-mediated motility (RHAMM) interaction-dependent signaling pathway. Cancer Cell International, 21(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-01711-z
Li, X., Ma, S., Yang, P., et al. (2018). Anticancer effects of curcumin on nude mice bearing lung cancer A549 cell subsets SP and NSP cells. Oncology Letters. https://doi.org/10.3892/ol.2018.9488
Li, Y., Wicha, M. S., Schwartz, S. J., et al. (2011). Implications of cancer stem cell theory for cancer chemoprevention by natural dietary compounds. the Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 22(9), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.11.001
Lim, P. T., Goh, B. H., & Lee, W. L. (2022b). Taxol: Mechanisms of action against cancer, an update with current research. In Elsevier eBooks (pp. 47–71). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-90951-8.00007-2
Lin, S., Zhuang, J., Zhu, L., et al. (2020). Matrine inhibits cell growth, migration, invasion and promotes autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma by regulation of circ_0027345/miR-345-5p/HOXD3 axis. Cancer Cell International, 20(1), 246. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12935-020-01293-w
Lin, X., Wang, G., Liu, P., et al. (2021). Gallic acid suppresses colon cancer proliferation by inhibiting SRC and EGFR phosphorylation. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 21(6), 638. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10070
Lü, Y., Chen, T., Qu, J., et al. (2009b). Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in human lung adenocarcinoma ASTC-a-1 cells. Journal of Biomedical Science, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1423-0127-16-16
Luo, W., Sun, R., Chen, X., et al. (2021). ERK Activation-Mediated Autophagy Induction Resists Licochalcone A-Induced Anticancer Activities in Lung Cancer Cells in vitro. OncoTargets and Therapy, Volume 13, 13437–13450. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S278268
Lv, L., Zhang, W., Li, T., et al. (2020). Hispidulin exhibits potent anticancer activity invitro and invivo through activating ER stress in non‑small‑cell lung cancer cells. Oncology Reports. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2020.7568
Mahrous, N. S., & Noseer, E. A. (2023). Anticancer potential of Carica papaya Linn black seed extract against human colon cancer cell line: In vitro study. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), 271. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-04085-7
Mali, S. B. (2023). Cancer treatment: Role of natural products. Time to have a serious rethink. Oral Oncology Reports, 6, 100040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oor.2023.100040
Malik, S., Moraes, D. F. C., Do Amaral, F. M. M., et al. (2016). Ruta graveolens: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Biotechnology. In J.-M. Merillon & K. G. Ramawat (Eds.), Sweeteners (pp. 1–28). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27490-4_4-2
Martino, E., Casamassima, G., Castiglione, S., et al. (2018). Vinca alkaloids and analogues as anti-cancer agents: Looking back, peering ahead. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 28(17), 2816–2826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2018.06.044
Masraksa, W., Tanasawet, S., Hutamekalin, P., et al. (2020). Luteolin attenuates migration and invasion of lung cancer cells via suppressing focal adhesion kinase and non-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathway. Nutrition Research and Practice, 14(2), 127. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2020.14.2.127
Mathijssen, R. H., Loos, W. J., Verweij, J., et al. (2002). Pharmacology of topoisomerase I inhibitors irinotecan (CPT-11) and topotecan. Current Cancer Drug Targets, 2(2), 103–123. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568009023333890
Menon, V. P., & Sudheer, A. R. (2007). ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY PROPERTIES OF CURCUMIN. In Springer eBooks(pp. 105–125). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46401-5_3
Mitra, A., Chakrabarti, J., Banerji, A., et al. (2006). Curcumin, a potential inhibitor of MMP-2 in human laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells HEP2. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology/Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology, and Oncology, 25(4), 679–690. https://doi.org/10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.v25.i4.70
Mubarik, S., Cao, J., Wang, F., et al. (2022). Lifestyle and Socioeconomic Transition and Health Consequences of Breast Cancer in the East Asia Region, From 1990 to 2019. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 817836. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.817836
Mudambi, L., Miller, R., & Eapen, G. A. (2017). Malignant central airway obstruction. Journal of Thoracic Disease, 9(S10), S1087–S1110. https://doi.org/10.21037/jtd.2017.07.27
Neganova, M. E., Aleksandrova, Y. R., Sukocheva, O. A., et al. (2022). Benefits and limitations of nanomedicine treatment of brain cancers and age-dependent neurodegenerative disorders. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 86, 805–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.06.011
Ning, L., Zhao, W., Gao, H., et al. (n.d.). Hesperidin induces anticancer effects on human prostate cancer cells via ROS-mediated necrosis like cell death.
Ojima, I., Lichtenthal, B., Lee, S., et al. (2016). Taxane anticancer agents: A patent perspective. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 26(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1517/13543776.2016.1111872
Peng, L., & Jiang, D. (2018). Resveratrol eliminates cancer stem cells of osteosarcoma by STAT3 pathway inhibition. PLOS ONE, 13(10), e0205918. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205918
Preet, R., Mohapatra, P., Das, D., et al. (2013). Lycopene synergistically enhances quinacrine action to inhibit Wnt-TCF signaling in breast cancer cells through APC. Carcinogenesis, 34(2), 277–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgs351
Raez, L. E., Carracedo, C., Rosas, D., et al. (2023). Moving liquid biopsies to the Front-line of lung cancer treatment decisions. The Journal of Liquid Biopsy, 1, 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jlb.2023.100006
Ranjan, A., Ramachandran, S., Gupta, N., et al. (2019). Role of phytochemicals in cancer prevention. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(20), 4981. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20204981
Reya, T., Morrison, S. J., Clarke, M. F., et al. (2001). Stem cells, cancer, and cancer stem cells. Nature, 414(6859), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1038/35102167
Roy, P. K., Kalra, N., Prasad, S., et al. (2021). Retraction note: Chemopreventive potential of resveratrol in mouse skin tumors through regulation of mitochondrial and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Pharmaceutical Research, 38(2), 375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-020-02973-y
Rumgay, H., Arnold, M., Ferlay, J., et al. (2022). Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. Journal of Hepatology, 77(6), 1598–1606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2022.08.021
Sak, K. (2022). Anticancer action of plant products: Changing stereotyped attitudes. Exploration of Drug Science, 423–427. https://doi.org/10.37349/etat.2022.00092
Salehi, B., Sestito, S., Rapposelli, S., et al. (2018). Epibatidine: A Promising Natural Alkaloid in Health. Biomolecules, 9(1), 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9010006
Salehi, Sharifi-Rad, Capanoglu, et al. (2019). Cucurbita Plants: From Farm to Industry. Applied Sciences, 9(16), 3387. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9163387
Schiff, P. B., Fant, J., & Horwitz, S. B. (1979). Promotion of microtubule assembly in vitro by taxol. Nature, 277(5698), 665–667. https://doi.org/10.1038/277665a0
Schiller, G. J., Damon, L. E., Coutre, S. E., et al. (2018). High-Dose Vincristine Sulfate Liposome Injection, for Advanced, Relapsed, or Refractory Philadelphia Chromosome-Negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in an Adolescent and Young Adult Subgroup of a Phase 2 Clinical Trial. Journal of Adolescent and Young Adult Oncology, 7(5), 546–552. https://doi.org/10.1089/jayao.2018.0041
Shakibaei, M., John, T., Schulze‐Tanzil, G., et al. (2007). Suppression of NF-κB activation by curcumin leads to inhibition of expression of cyclo-oxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in human articular chondrocytes: Implications for the treatment of osteoarthritis. Biochemical Pharmacology, 73(9), 1434–1445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2007.01.005
Shay, J. W., & Wright, W. E. (2006). Telomerase therapeutics for cancer: challenges and new directions. Nature Reviews. Drug Discover/Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery, 5(7), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd2081
Shi, C., Zheng, Y., Pan, F., et al. (2021). Gallic Acid Suppressed Tumorigenesis by an LncRNA MALAT1-Wnt/β-Catenin Axis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 708967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.708967
Song, N., Ma, J., Zhang, X., et al. (2021). Lappaconitine hydrochloride induces apoptosis and S phase cell cycle arrest through MAPK signaling pathway in human liver cancer HepG2 cells. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 17(74), 334. https://doi.org/10.4103/pm.pm_251_20
Sp, N., Kang, D. Y., Lee, J.-M., Bae, et al. (2021). Potential Antitumor Effects of 6-Gingerol in p53-Dependent Mitochondrial Apoptosis and Inhibition of Tumor Sphere Formation in Breast Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(9), 4660. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094660
Sterner, R. C., & Sterner, R. M. (2021). CAR-T cell therapy: Current limitations and potential strategies. Blood Cancer Journal, 11(4), 69. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-021-00459-7
Suarez-Jimenez, G.-M. (2012). Bioactive Peptides and Depsipeptides with Anticancer Potential: Sources from Marine Animals. Mar. Drugs.
Sung, H., Ferlay, J., Siegel, R. L., et al. (2021). Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 71(3), 209–249. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21660
Teiten, M. H., Gaascht, F., Eifes, S., et al. (2009). Chemopreventive potential of curcumin in prostate cancer. Genes & Nutrition, 5(1), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12263-009-0152-3
Thigpen, J., Blessing, J. A., Ball, H., et al. (1994). Phase II trial of paclitaxel in patients with progressive ovarian carcinoma after platinum-based chemotherapy: a Gynaecologic Oncology Group study. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 12(9), 1748–1753. https://doi.org/10.1200/jco.1994.12.9.1748
Tian, X., Liu, M., Huang, X., et al. (2020). Noscapine Induces Apoptosis in Human Colon Cancer Cells by Regulating Mitochondrial Damage and Warburg Effect via PTEN/PI3K/mTOR Signaling Pathway. OncoTargets and Therapy, Volume 13, 5419–5428. https://doi.org/10.2147/OTT.S232137
Trybus, W., Trybus, E., & Król, T. (2022). Emodin Sensitizes Cervical Cancer Cells to Vinblastine by Inducing Apoptosis and Mitotic Death. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(15), 8510. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23158510
Tsai, Y., Xia, C., & Sun, Z. (2020). The Inhibitory Effect of 6-Gingerol on Ubiquitin-Specific Peptidase 14 Enhances Autophagy-Dependent Ferroptosis and Anti-Tumor in vivo and in vitro. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 11.
Vallianou, N. G., Evangelopoulos, A., Schizas, N., et al. (2015). Potential Anticancer Properties and Mechanisms of Action of Curcumin. Anticancer research.
Van Riel, L. A. M. J. G., Van Kollenburg, R. A. A., Freund, J. E., et al. (2023). Reliable Visualization of the Treatment Effect of Transperineal Focal Laser Ablation in Prostate Cancer Patients by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasound Imaging. European Urology Open Science, 54, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euros.2023.06.002
Wang, C., Wu, Z., Xu, Y., et al. (2023). Disparities in the global burden of tracheal, bronchus, and lung cancer from 1990 to 2019. Chinese Medical Journal Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 1(1), 36–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pccm.2023.02.001
Wang, F., Mao, Y., You, Q., et al. (2015). Piperlongumine induces apoptosis and autophagy in human lung cancer cells through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 28(3), 362–373. https://doi.org/10.1177/0394632015598849
Wang, F., Wang, L., Qu, C., et al. (2021). Kaempferol induces ROS-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via TGM2-mediated Akt/mTOR signaling. BMC Cancer, 21(1), 396. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-021-08158-z
Wang, J., Liu, K., Wang, X., et al. (2017). Juglone reduces growth and migration of U251 glioblastoma cells and disrupts angiogenesis. Oncology Reports, 38(4), 1959–1966. https://doi.org/10.3892/or.2017.5878
Wang, Q., Wang, J., Wang, J., et al. (2021). Molecular mechanism of shikonin inhibiting tumor growth and potential application in cancer treatment. Toxicology Research, 10(6), 1077–1084. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxres/tfab107
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2023). Vinblastine resets tumor-associated macrophages toward M1 phenotype and promotes antitumor immune response. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 11(8), e007253. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2023-007253
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Wang, J., et al. (2023). Vinblastine resets tumor-associated macrophages toward M1 phenotype and promotes antitumor immune response. Journal for Immunotherapy of Cancer, 11(8), e007253. https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2023-007253
Ward, A. B., Mir, H., Kapur, N., et al. (2018). Quercetin inhibits prostate cancer by attenuating cell survival and inhibiting anti-apoptotic pathways. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 16(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-018-1400-z
Wu, B., Li, Y., Shi, B., et al. (2023). Temporal trends of breast cancer burden in the Western Pacific Region from 1990 to 2044: Implications from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Journal of Advanced Research, S2090123223001820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jare.2023.07.003
Wu, H., Chen, L., Zhu, F., et al. (2019). The Cytotoxicity Effect of Resveratrol: Cell Cycle Arrest and Induced Apoptosis of Breast Cancer 4T1 Cells. Toxins, 11(12), 731. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120731
Wu, H., Du, J., Li, C., et al. (2022). Kaempferol can reverse the 5-FU resistance of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting PKM2-Mediated glycolysis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(7), 3544. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073544
Xie, S., & Zhou, J. (2017). Harnessing Plant Biodiversity for the Discovery of Novel Anticancer Drugs Targeting Microtubules. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8, 720. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00720
Xu, Y., Fang, R., Shao, J., et al. (2021). Erianin induces triple-negative breast cancer cells apoptosis by activating PI3K/Akt pathway. Bioscience Reports, 41(6), BSR20210093. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20210093
Yamauchi, Y., Izumi, Y., Asakura, K., et al. (2012). Curcumin induces autophagy in ACC‐MESO‐1 cells. PTR. Phytotherapy Research/Phytotherapy Research, 26(12), 1779–1783. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4645
Yang, D., Yu, L., & Van, S. (2010). Clinically relevant anticancer polymer paclitaxel therapeutics. Cancers, 3(1), 17–42. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers3010017
Yang, J., Wang, C., Zhang, Z., et al. (2017). Curcumin inhibits the survival and metastasis of prostate cancer cells via the Notch‐1 signaling pathway. APMIS. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica Et Immunologica Scandinavica./APMIS, 125(2), 134–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/apm.12650
Yang, M., Zhang, Q., Lu, A., et al. (2023). The preventive effect of secondary metabolites of Dendrobium officinale on acute alcoholic liver injury in mice. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16(10), 105138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105138
Yar Saglam, A., Alp, E., Elmazoglu, Z., et al. (2016). Treatment with cucurbitacin B alone and in combination with gefitinib induces cell cycle inhibition and apoptosis via EGFR and JAK/STAT pathway in human colorectal cancer cell lines. Human & Experimental Toxicology, 35(5), 526–543. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327115595686
Zhang, C., Niu, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2021). Corosolic acid inhibits cancer progression by decreasing the level of CDK19-mediated O-GlcNAcylation in liver cancer cells. Cell Death & Disease, 12(10), 889. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-021-04164-y
Zhang, H. A., & Kitts, D. D. (2021). Turmeric and its bioactive constituents trigger cell signaling mechanisms that protect against diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 476(10), 3785–3814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-021-04201-6
Zheng, Q., Liu, Y., Liu, W., et al. (2014). Cucurbitacin B inhibits growth and induces apoptosis through the JAK2/STAT3 and MAPK pathways in SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Molecular Medicine Reports, 10(1), 89–94. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2014.2175
Zhu, L., & Xue, L. (2019). Kaempferol Suppresses Proliferation and Induces Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptosis, and DNA Damage in Breast Cancer Cells. Oncology Research Featuring Preclinical and Clinical Cancer Therapeutics, 27(6), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.3727/096504018X15228018559434
Zugazagoitia, J., Guedes, C., Ponce, S., et al. (2016). Current Challenges in Cancer Treatment. Clinical Therapeutics, 38(7), 1551–1566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinthera.2016.03.026
