A high-esteem dietary component, tomato feeds rural and urban populations worldwide. Many factors contribute to decreased tomato output, including fungus, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and dominating weeds. The most important and common tomato disease is Fusarium wilt, which is brought on by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. Only tomatoes are susceptible to this soil-borne Hyphomycetes disease, which causes wilt. Young plants show vein-let clearing and petiole drooping first. Fusarium wilt causes yellowing of older leaves. Lower leaves yellow and die. To infect host plants, Fusarium species generate macroconidia, microconidia, mycelia, and chlamydospores. Dormant, parasitic, and saprophytic phases comprise the life cycle. Most saprobes are harmless; however certain parasitic species produce mycotoxins on plants.
chlamydospores, Fusarium oxysporum, macroconidia, parasitic species
Attia, M. S., Abdelaziz, A. M., Al-Askar, A. A., Arishi, A. A., Abdelhakim, A. M., & Hashem, A. H. (2022). Plant growth-promoting fungi as biocontrol tool against fusarium wilt disease of tomato plant. Journal of Fungi, 8(8), 775.
Dholu, D., Shete, P. P., Ahmed, M. F., & Dhaval, P. (2021). Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) Etiology, morphology, epidemiology, and management of tomato. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(5), 174-178.
López-Zapata, S. P., García-Jaramillo, D. J., López, W. R., & Ceballos-Aguirre, N. (2021). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici interaction. A review. Revista UDCA Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 24(1).
Agarwal, S., & Rao, A. V. (2000). Tomato lycopene and its role in human health and chronic diseases. Cmaj, 163(6), 739-744.
Aoki, T., O’Donnell, K., & Geiser, D. M. (2014). Systematics of key phytopathogenic Fusarium species: current status and future challenges. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 80, 189-201.
AVRDC, (2005). The World Vegetable Centre. Fusarium Wilt. Fact Sheet, Vol. 5, pg. 627. http://www.avrdc.org/pdf/tomato/Fusarium.pdf. Accessed 19th August, 2011.10.30pm.
Babalola, O. O. (2010). Pectinolytic and cellulolytic enzymes enhance Fusarium compactum virulence on tubercles infection of Egyptian broomrape. International Journal of Microbiology, 2010.
Balali, G. R., & Iranpoor, M. (2006). Identification and genetic variation of fusarium species in isfahan, Iran, uning pectic Zymogram technique. Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (Sciences), 30(1), 91-102.
Balogh, B., Jones, J. B., Momol, M. T., Olson, S. M., Obradovic, A., King, P., & Jackson, L. E. (2003). Improved efficacy of newly formulated bacteriophages for management of bacterial spot-on tomato. Plant disease, 87(8), 949-954.
Bawa, I. (2016). Management strategies of Fusarium wilt disease of tomato incited by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) A Review. Int. J. Adv. Acad. Res, 2(5).
Dholu, D., Shete, P. P., Ahmed, M. F., & Dhaval, P. (2021). Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) Etiology, morphology, epidemiology, and management of tomato. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10(5), 174-178.
Dhandevi, P. E. M., & Jeewon, R. (2015). Fruit and vegetable intake: Benefits and progress of nutrition education interventions-narrative review article. Iranian journal of public health, 44(10), 1309.
Edel-Hermann, V., & Lecomte, C. (2019). Current status of Fusarium oxysporum formae speciales and races. Phytopathology, 109(4), 512-530.
El-Kazzaz, M. K., El-Fadly, G. B., Hassan, M. A. A., & El-Kot, G. A. N. (2008). Identification of some Fusarium spp. using molecular biology techniques.
FAOSTAT, F. (2019). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations-Statistic Division https://www. fao. org/faost at/en/# data.
Houssien, A. A., Ahmed, S. M., & Ismail, A. A. (2010). Activation of tomato plant defense response against Fusarium wilt disease using Trichoderma harzianum and salicylic acid under greenhouse conditions. Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci, 6(3), 328-338.
Hutmacher, B., Davis, M. R., & Kim, Y. (2003). Fusarium Information. University of California Cooperative Extension. 7p.
Jeff, G. (2009). The Importance of Organic Matter in Soil Fertility and Crop Health. Organic Broadcaster. The Bi-monthly Periodical of the Midwest Organic Sustainable Education Service.
Joshi, R. (2018). A review of Fusarium oxysporum on its plant interaction and industrial use. J. Med. Plants Stud, 6(3), 112-115.
López-Zapata, S. P., García-Jaramillo, D. J., López, W. R., & Ceballos-Aguirre, N. (2021). Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici interaction. A review. Revista UDCA Actualidad & Divulgación Científica, 24(1).
Lacmanová, I., Pazlarová, J., Kostelanská, M., & Hajšlová, J. (2009). PCR-based identification of toxinogenic Fusarium species. Czech Journal of Food Sciences, 27(Special Issue 2), 90.
Larkin, R. P., & Fravel, D. R. (2002). Effects of varying environmental conditions on biological control of Fusarium wilt of tomato by nonpathogenic Fusarium spp. Phytopathology, 92(11), 1160-1166.
Li, J., Tao, X., Li, L., Mao, L., Luo, Z., Khan, Z. U., & Ying, T. (2016). Comprehensive RNA-Seq analysis on the regulation of tomato ripening by exogenous auxin. PLoS One, 11(5), e0156453. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156453
Martí, R., Roselló, S., & Cebolla-Cornejo, J. (2016). Tomato as a source of carotenoids and polyphenols targeted to cancer prevention. Cancers, 8(6), 58. doi: 10.3390/cancers8060058
Mui-Yun, W. (2003). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.): PP728 Soil-borne Plant Pathogen Class Project. North Carolina State University.
Raiola, A., Rigano, M. M., Calafiore, R., Frusciante, L., & Barone, A. (2014). Enhancing the health-promoting effects of tomato fruit for biofortified food. Mediators of inflammation, 2014. doi: 10.1155/2014/139873
Recycled Organics Unit (2006). Compost use for pest and disease suppression in NSW. Recycled Organics Unit, internet publication. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(3), 36-40.
Sally, A. M., Randal, C. R., & Richard, M. R. (2006). Fusarium verticillium wilts of tomato, potato, pepper and eggplant. The Ohio State University, USA.
Song, W., Zhou, L., Yang, C., Cao, X., Zhang, L., & Liu, X. (2004). Tomato Fusarium wilt and its chemical control strategies in a hydroponic system. Crop protection, 23(3), 243-247.
Stephen, A. F., & Andre, K. G. (2003). Fusarium oxysporum. Department of Plant Pathology, CTAHR University of Hawaii at Manoa.
Thangavelu, R., Palaniswami, A., & Velazhahan, R. (2004). Mass production of Trichoderma harzianum for managing fusarium wilt of banana. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment, 103(1), 259-263.
Tohge, T., & Fernie, A. R. (2015). Metabolomics-inspired insight into developmental, environmental and genetic aspects of tomato fruit chemical composition and quality. Plant and Cell Physiology, 56(9), 1681-1696. doi: 10.1093/pcp/ pcv093
Viuda-Martos, M., Sanchez-Zapata, E., Sayas-Barberá, E., Sendra, E., Pérez-Álvarez, J. A., & Fernández-López, J. (2014). Tomato and tomato byproducts. Human health benefits of lycopene and its application to meat products: a review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 54(8), 1032-1049. doi: 10.1080/ 10408398.2011.623799
Wang, H., Xiao, M., Kong, F., Chen, S., Dou, H. T., Sorrell, T., ... & Xu, Y. C. (2011). Accurate and practical identification of 20 Fusarium species by seven-locus sequence analysis and reverse line blot hybridization, and an in vitro antifungal susceptibility study. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 49(5), 1890-1898.
